Endoscope designs and methods of manufacture

ABSTRACT

Various embodiments comprise endoscopes (e.g., arthroscopes) for viewing inside a cavity of a body. The endoscopes may include a tip, at least one solid-state emitter such as light emitting diode (LED), located at the distal end of the endoscope, an elongated member. The elongated member may include a plurality of lenses for transmitting light received from the tip member and an elongated conducting member for providing electric power to the solid-state emitter. The elongated conducting member may include conducting lines embedded in a flexible elongated insulating membrane. The tip member and the elongated member may be configured to dissipate heat generated by the solid-state emitter.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/988,881 filed on Mar. 12, 2020 titled“ENDOSCOPE DESIGNS AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURE”, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

This Application is also related to U. S. application Ser. No.11/099,435 filed on Apr. 5, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,976,462, and U.S.application Ser. No. 14/567879 filed on Dec. 11, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No.10,357,149 which are also incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to optical systems, and in someembodiments, to endoscopes, arthroscopes, and other medical imagingdevices.

Description of the Related Art

Endoscopes such as rigid endoscopes, generally include a tube withimaging optics to be inserted into a cavity in patient's body.Illumination for imaging may be provided by sources that are locatedexternal to the patient. Light, for example, from the illuminationsource may travel via a conduit, such as a fiber-optic or fiber-opticbundle, through the tube into the said cavity. Alternatively, however,illumination may be provided by one or more sources that can be locatednear the section of the endoscope that is inserted inside a cavity of abody. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) for example, can be mounted at thedistal end of the endoscope. In either case, light may illuminate thesaid cavity at the tube's distal end near a treatment or viewing site.Features inside the cavity of the patient's body can thereby beilluminated and viewed using the imaging optics, which collect lightreflected from anatomical features inside the body and form imagesthereof. Since endoscopes can provide images of anatomical featureswithin the patient's body, endoscopes are useful diagnostic tools.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Example endoscopes designs are discussed herein. These endoscopes mayhave one or more advantages that may include, for example, good imagequality, low power consumption, and increased ease of fabrication, whichcan reduce cost of manufacture, and may be portable and/or disposable.

The systems, methods and example embodiments of this disclosure eachhave several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solelyresponsible for the all of the desirable attributes disclosed herein.Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter describedin this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and thedescription below.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to an endoscope forimaging a target region within a body. The endoscope may comprise a tipmember. The tip member may comprise one or more light emitting devicesconfigured to direct illumination at least a portion of said targetregion. The tip member may further comprise a front window disposed soas to receive light from said target region when said tip is in saidbody, and a prism for redirecting light transmitted through said frontwindow. In some implementations, the tip member comprises a housing thatsupports said one or more light emitting devices and said prism, and thesaid housing may have a shape that is similar to that of a cross-sectionof said prism and may comprise copper, a copper alloy, brass or bronze.

The endoscope may further comprise an elongated member having proximaland distal end were the tip member is located. A plurality of lenses maybe disposed along an optical path in said elongated member so as toreceive light from said prism that is transmitted through said frontwindow.

In certain implementations, the endoscope may include an elongatedconducting member comprising a plurality of conducting lines embedded inan insulating membrane disposed along said elongated member. Saidelongated conducting member may have a length, width and thickness,wherein said length may be larger than said width and said width may belarger than said thickness. In some such embodiments, said elongatedconducting member may comprise a flexible elongated conducting memberconfigured to bend along its length and/or its width. In some cases,said elongate conducting member may have a curved cross-section acrossits width. In some such cases, elongated conducting member and saidinsulating membrane may be configured to maintain a curved cross-sectionacross their width when any bending force is removed.

In some examples, said light emitting device may be disposed on saidelongated conducting member. In some examples, the said light emittingdevice may be embedded in said insulating membrane. In some suchexamples, said light emitting device may be positioned at said distalend of said elongated conducting member. In yet other examples, saidlight emitting device may have a portion that is not covered by saidinsulating membrane.

In some implementations, said tip member may comprise a housing having alight emitting device seat, and said light emitting device may bedisposed on said light emitting device seat. In some suchimplementations, said housing may have a shape that is similar to thatof a cross-section of said prism and said tip member may have a sidewallwith a first opening for inserting said prism.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following description of the various embodiments, reference ismade to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in whichis shown by way of illustration various embodiments of the device.

It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized andstructural changes may be made without departing from the scope ofpresent invention.

FIG. 1A is a three-dimensional perspective view of an example endoscopecomprising a handle portion connected to an insert portion for insertioninto a patient's body.

FIG. 1B is a side-view of the endoscope of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the endoscope illustratinga portion insertable into the patient's body or “insert” portion as wellas a grip section of the endoscope. Also shown is an optical jointsection joining the insert portion to the grip section and a view portfor viewing an image of anatomical features inside the patient's body.

FIG. 3A is an exploded view showing different components included in atip or tip member of the insert portion, the tip member includes ahousing configured to support a light source for illuminating a cavityinside the patient as well as optical components for collecting lightreflected from anatomical features within the cavity.

FIG. 3B is a perspective view showing the front of the housing of thetip member.

FIG. 3C is a perspective view showing the back of the housing of the tipmember.

FIG. 3D illustrates three-dimensional cross-sectional of the assembledtip member.

FIG. 3E illustrates the side-view of the assembled tip member.

FIG. 4A is a schematic cross-sectional view of the elongated member ofan example endoscope design.

FIG. 4B illustrates a cutaway perspective view of the assembled insertportion of an endoscope showing optical elements within a lens tubehoused within a protective tube.

FIG. 4C is a close-up view of the distal end of the insert portion(without a protective tube) that shows the junction between the tipmember and the lens tube.

FIG. 4D is a perspective view of a flexible conductive membrane (right)and the distal and the end of the insert member (without a protectivetube) showing the flexible conductive membrane disposed on the tipmember and the lens tube to transport electrical power to a lightemitting devices such as an LED. The flexible conductive membranecomprises conductive strips embedded in a flexible insulating membrane.In this example design, the conductive strips are connected to the lightemitter via wires.

FIG. 4E illustrates a light emitting conductive member comprising aflexible conductive member (e.g., a flex circuit) that includes a lightemitting device such as an LED. FIG. 4E shows the light emittingconductive member before and after being disposed on the lens tube andthe tip member.

FIG. 4F is three-dimensional cutaway view of the distal end of the fullyassembled insert portion.

FIG. 4G is a three-dimensional cross-sectional view of the proximal endof the fully assembled insert portion showing the lens tube having theconductive member thereon both housed within the protective tube.

FIG. 4H is a three-dimensional view of the proximal end of the lens tubeand the conductive member disposed thereon.

FIG. 5A illustrates an example method that may be used to assemble thetip member. Components are inserted into cavities within the housing ofthe tip member through openings provided on the housing. Some componentsmay be mounted against seats on the housing.

FIG. 5B illustrates an example method of assembling the elongatedmember. The rod lenses are sequentially inserted into the lens tube.

FIG. 5C is a cross-sectional view of the tip member attached to thedistal end of the elongated member.

FIG. 5D illustrates a step of assembling the insert portion wherein thelens tube, together with the tip member and the conductive member (e.g.,elongate conductive member) disposed thereon, are inserted into theprotective tube.

FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the fully assembledendoscope. The proximal end of the insert portion is connected to theoptical joint section resulting in a complete optical path from the tipmember to the view port.

FIG. 7A illustrates a close-up cross-sectional view of the optical jointsection of the example endoscope shown in FIG. 6

FIG. 7B illustrates a close-up three-dimensional cross-sectional view ofthe support structure of the optical joint which supports the connectionbetween the proximal end of the insert portion comprising the protectivetube, the lens tube having conductive member thereon and the opticstherein, with the view port.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Although certain preferred embodiments and examples are disclosed below,inventive subject matter extends beyond the specifically disclosedembodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses and tomodifications and equivalents thereof. Thus, the scope of the claimsappended hereto is not limited by any of the particular embodimentsdescribed below. For example, in any method or process disclosed herein,the acts or operations of the method or process may be performed in anysuitable sequence and are not necessarily limited to any particulardisclosed sequence. Various operations may be described as multiplediscrete operations in turn, in a manner that may be helpful inunderstanding certain embodiments; however, the order of descriptionshould not be construed to imply that these operations are orderdependent. Additionally, the structures, systems, and/or devicesdescribed herein may be embodied using a variety of techniques includingtechniques that may not be described herein but are known to a personhaving ordinary skill in the art. For purposes of comparing variousembodiments, certain aspects and advantages of these embodiments aredescribed. Not necessarily all such aspects or advantages are achievedby any particular embodiment. Thus, for example, various embodiments maybe carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage orgroup of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving otheraspects or advantages as may also be taught or suggested herein.

Endoscopes for viewing inside the body (also referred to as “targetregion” herein) are disclosed herein. In some cases, these endoscopesmay be inserted inside a cavity of the body to provide images ofanatomical features inside the body. Some of these endoscopes may behandheld and possibly portable and/or disposable in some cases, althoughare not limited thereto. One example of such an endoscope is anarthroscope although the concepts disclosed herein may be applicable toother types of endoscopes as well. Other types of endoscopes mayinclude, ENT (ear, nose and throat) scope, spine scope, and laparoscope,and the like.

These endoscopes can include an optical path from the target region toan eyepiece or ocular such that the user can see an image of a targetregion. The endoscopes may include one or more light sources that areconfigured, sized and positioned so as to be inserted into the bodycavity to provide illumination therein. In various embodiments, thislight source comprises at least one solid state light emitting devicesuch as a light emitting diode (LED). This light emitter may be a smallyet bright source of illumination. The light emitter may be poweredand/or controlled through power lines such as a conductive member (e.g.,elongate conductive member) that provides electrical connection betweenthe light emitter and a power source. The power source can be anexternal power source (e.g., a power adapter or power supply) or aninternal source (e.g., batteries) enclosed in endoscope (e.g., insideits handle portion). In some designs, the intensity of light generatedby the light emitter may be controlled by adjusting the power providedto the light emitter using electronic circuitry enclosed in theendoscope (e.g., inside its handle portion).

As discussed above, light emitted from the light sources reflects offanatomical features such walls in the interior of the body cavity orother objects or features therein. A portion of the reflected light iscollected through a window or lens in the distal portion of theendoscope and more particularly at the distal end of an elongateinsertable portion of the endoscope. In some designs, the window may beangled obliquely with respect to the length of the endoscope (e.g., withrespect to the elongate insertable portion of the endoscope) to collectlight rays at oblique angles with respect to the endoscope (e.g., theelongate insertable portion of the endoscope). Light collected is thendirected along the an optical path through the endoscope, e.g., throughthe elongate insertable portion of the endoscope, so as to form an imageof the anatomical features in the body such as the walls of the cavityor features therein or thereon at the proximal end of the endoscope. Inparticular, the light may be directed to an eyepiece where an image ofthe objects or walls can be viewed. In certain designs, the optical pathincludes a series of lenses such as rod lenses disposed in the elongateinsertable portion of the endoscope.

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate an example endoscope for providing an imageof the target region inside the patient's body. In this example, theendoscope is a battery operated and hand-held instrument that isdesigned for improved ease of manufacturability. Due to the lower costof manufacturing, the instrument may also be a disposable instrument.The endoscope 100 compromises a handle portion 104 and an insert portion102. The insert portion 102 that includes an elongated member 114 and atip member 112, can be inserted into the body of a patient. The handleportion 104 may include a view port 106, a grip section 108, and anoptical joint section 107 for connection with the inert portion 102. Theview port 106 may include an eyepiece or ocular lens (not shown) and aneye cup 103 through which the image of the target region can beobserved. The optical joint section 107 provides optical and mechanicalconnection between the insert portion 102 and the handle 104 portion andview port 106. The optical joint section 107 may include a supportstructure for optical alignment of the proximal end of the elongatedmember 114 and lenses therein to the view port 106. The grip section 108provides the ability of the physician to manipulate the endoscope withease, tilting or rotating the elongated member 114 to image the desiredtarget region inside the patient's body. The grip section 108 of thehandle portion may also include an electric compartment that housesbatteries and/or electronic circuits. The grip section may also includea user interface 110 (e.g., one or more dials, switches, and/orbuttons), for example, for controlling the brightness of the lightemitters and adjusting the image sharpness. The insert portion 102includes a tip member 112, that illuminates the target region andcaptures the reflected light. The tip member 112 may include one or morelight emitters and house optical components to collect light emitted orreflected from the target region. The elongated member 114 guides thecaptured light to the view port 106, where an image is viewable. Theelongated member 114 has a distal end that is connected to the tipmember 112 and a proximal end that is inserted into the optical jointsection 107. The elongated member 114 may house one or more opticalelements (e.g., rod lenses) to guide light from the tip member 112 tothe optical joint 107.

FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram cross-section depicting theinsert portion 202 and the handle portion 204 of an example endoscope200. As discussed above, the handle portion 204 includes the opticaljoint section 207, the grip section 208 and the view port 206. Theinsert portion 202 comprises an elongated member 114 and a tip member212 wherein the tip member 212 is positioned at the distal end of theelongated member 114. The tip member 212 houses optical componentsdesigned and arranged to capture light incident from an obliquedirection with respect to optical path inside the insert portion. Hence,as illustrated, the tip has a front face that is angled obliquely withrespect to the length of the insertable portion 202 and elongated member114. These optical components may include, at least one front window orfirst lens 246, at least one redirecting optical element 224 (e.g.,prism), and one rear or second lens 226. The redirecting element 224 cancomprise prism or other a transparent element having reflectivesurfaces, that receives and reflects the incident light possibly viatotal internal reflection (TIR). In some examples, the redirectingelement 224 also refract the light.) Alternatively, the redirectingoptical element 224 may include reflective coatings (e.g. silver ordielectric coatings, etc.) that reflect light. The tip member 212 mayalso provide one or more seats or surfaces where one or more lightemitting devices can be disposed. These seats may serve as thermalcontacts for receiving heat from the light emitters. The elongatedmember 114 may include a lens tube 217, a conductive member (e.g.,elongate conductive member) 220, for providing electrical power to thelight emitter, and a protective tube 218, wherein the conductive memberand the lens tube are housed inside the protective tube. The elongatedmember 114 has a distal end 211 and a proximal end 219. The distal end211 (where the tip member is positioned) is inserted into a cavity of abody while the proximal end 219 is connected to the optical joint 207and the viewport 206. The lens tube 217 is configured to support andalign one or more lenses that convey the light captured by the tipmember 212 toward the optical joint section 207 and the view port 206.The tip member 212 is connected to the lens tube 217, in certaindesigns, with a connection that facilitates ease of manufacture.

The insert portion 202, the lens tube 217, the conductive member 220 andthe protective tube 218 can have length between 100 mm and 200 mmpossibly between 120 mm and 180 mm or 140 mm and 160 mm or any rangebetween any of these values or possibly outside these ranges. Theoptical joint section 207 can have a length between 50 mm and 150 mm insome implementations.

In some embodiments the tip member 212 and the lens tube 217 can beformed from materials with relatively high thermal conductivity (e.g.,larger than 10 W/m.K) and sufficient stiffness to support the mechanicalfunctionality of the endoscope. For example, the tip member 212 and thelens tube 217 may be made of copper or a copper alloy such as brass, orbronze, or may comprise stainless steel. In certain implementations, forexample, the tip member 212 may comprise bronze or another copper alloyand the protective tube 218 comprises stainless steel. The lens tube 217may also comprise stainless steel. The tip member 212 and lens tube 217may thus provide a thermal conduction path that may dissipate the heatgenerated by the light emitters mounted on the tip member 212.

The conductive member 220, that may be disposed on the lens tube 217,provides electrical connection between the light emitter(s) (not shown)attached to the tip member 212, and a source of electrical power such asone or more batteries enclosed in the electronic compartment 228positioned inside the grip section 208. A user interface 210 (e.g., oneor more dials, switches, and/or buttons) may be provided on the gripsection 208, to control the power transfer between the power source,e.g., the battery or batteries, and the light emitter(s). The conductivemember 220 may comprise two or more wires or two or more conductivelines or strips embedded in one or more flexible membranes. Theconductive lines may, for example, be imbedded in an insulating materialwith the conductive member 220 remaining a least somewhat flexible. Incertain implementations, the flexible membranes can be formed to hold ashape, such as a curve shape, across a cross section perpendicular tothe length of the conducive line. In certain implementations, theconductive member 220 comprises a ribbon cable. In other possibleimplementations, the conductive member 220 may be rigid. The lightemitting devices, that are disposed on the tip member 212, can beconnected to conductive member 220 possibly via two or more thin wires(for example soldered to the light emitter and the conductive member attwo ends). Alternatively, the light emitting device may be at leastpartially embedded the same flexible and/or insulating membrane thatcontains the conductive paths, near the distal end of the conductivemember. In such a case, the light emitting device and the conductivemember 220 may be collectively referred to as a “light emittingconductive member”. In some implementations, the light emitting deviceis partially embedded in insulating or flexible membrane that houses theconductive lines however a portion of the light emitting device is notcovered by the insulating or flexible membrane and is instead exposed.In some implementations, the conductive member 220 having a lightemitting device imbedded therein comprises a flexible (or flex) circuit.

In various implementations, the light emitting device comprises a solidstate light emitter. In particular, the light emitting device maycomprise a semiconductor light emitter such as a light emitting diode(LED). The light emitting device, for example, may comprise asemiconductor die with an LED fabricated thereon. The die can have athick ness between 0.1 mm to 1 mm and an area between 1 millimetersquared and 10 millimeter squared. In some embodiments, the lightemitting device may comprise an organic light-emitting diode (OLED). TheOLED may comprise an organic material deposited on a solid die, or asoft layer. The die or the soft layer may have thickness between 0.05 to1 mm and an area between 1 millimeter squared and 10 millimeter squared.LEDs and OLEDs, both can be a stand-alone device connected to theconductive member via wires, or completely or partially embedded in aflexible or semi-flexible membrane (forming a light emitting conductivemember).

In some implementations, a diffuser may be disposed over the lightemitting device to diffuse light emitted by the light emitting device.One or more LEDs for example may be outfitted with diffusers at theoutput thereof. In some implementations, for example, the surface of thelight emitting device can be coated with an optically diffusive materialto diffuse the light emitted by the light emitter. Alternatively, anoptical diffuser may be mounted on the light emitting devices, which ismounted on the tip member 212. In some implementations, a plurality oflight emitting devices are mounted on the tip member 212. In such cases,separate diffusers may be provided for different light emitting devices.However, in other implementations, one diffuser may be disposed in frontof a plurality of light emitting devices. A diffuser may, for example,be disposed in front of two or three or possibly more light emittingdevices. In some implementations, for example, an arcuate shaped (e.g.,horseshoe or “U” shaped) diffuser may be disposed over two, three orpossible more, light emitting devices such as LEDs. In someimplementations, a ring-shaped diffuser may be disposed in front of aplurality of light emitting diffusers, e.g., LEDs, disposed about andentrance of the endoscope that is configured to receive the lightreflected from the anatomical features into the endoscope. In somecases, a light guide may be used to diffuse or the light. Light from thelight emitting device can be coupled into the light guide and coupledout to illuminate the target region. This light guide may be horseshoeor “U” shaped in some implementations. Diffused light may improve theuniformity of the illumination over the target region, resulting inbetter image quality.

In various implementations such as shown in FIG. 2, the protective tube218 houses the lens tube 217, which contains the lenses therein. The tipmember 212 is connected to the lens tube 217 and the conductive member220 is disposed the lens tube and the tip member. As shown, theconductive member 220 is thus disposed between the lens tube 217 and theprotective tube 218. The distal end of the protective tube (where thetip 212 is positioned) and junction between the protective tube and theoptical joint 207, are sealed such that the conductive member and thelens tube 217 are completely isolated from the surrounding medium (e.g.,body fluids, tissue, etc.). Optically transparent adhesives may beemployed to provide such seals. In some examples, a sealing gasket orO-ring may be added between the protective tube 218 and the tip member217 and/or between the protective tube 218 and the optical joint 207, inaddition or instead of adhesives, to isolate the conductive member 220and the lens tube 217.

The view port 206, that is connected to the support structure 223, mayinclude an eye piece 222 and an eye cup 203 through which the user canobserve the image of the target region. In certain designs, the eyepiece 222 comprises two lenses although the eyepiece or ocular maycomprise more or less lenses. In some implementations, the eyepiececomprise a lens with positive power and a lens with negative power,although other configurations are possible. One or both lenses may bespherical lenses although the design should not be so limited.

In various implementations, an eye cup 203 is included for comfortableplacement of the eye for viewing an image of the target region formedwith light passing through the endoscope. In some implementations, avirtual image is formed by the eyepiece, possibly at infinity or a largedistance from the eyepiece. Accordingly, in some designs, the endoscopemay be configured for viewing directly by peering into the endoscopewith the eye. However, the endoscope can be configured for use with acamera. In some implementations, for example, the eye cup 203 may bereplaced by camera including an optoelectronic image sensor on which thefinal image may be formed. In some implementations, a camera may beconfigured to mate with the eyecup so as to receive the image. In yetanother implementation, the eyecup may be replaced by an optoelectronicimage sensor that converts the image projected thereon to an electronicsignal that may be provided to a display for viewing the image.

As discussed above, the optical joint section 207 facilitates connectionof the lens tube 217 and alignment of the lenses therein with theeyepiece or ocular 222. In various implementations, therefore, theoptical joint section 207 may include a support structure 223 (e.g., acylindrical shell or tubular channel) that receives a portion of thelast lens located at the distal end of the elongated member 214, andoptically aligns it with the eyepiece 222. As illustrated in FIG. 2, anoptical aperture 225 is included a distance from the last lens in theelongated member 214. This optical aperture may comprise a field stopand may be positioned at a location where an image is formed. Thisoptical aperture 225 may be formed from black opaque plastic or metal.In various implementations this optical stop 225 has a circular openingfor light to pass. The optical stop 225 is shown in FIG. 2 as positionednear the middle of support structure 223 although other variations arepossible.

As discussed above, light is received by the tip member which includes afront window, a prism and possibly another lens. FIGS. 3A-3E showvarious perspective of the tip member.

FIG. 3A is an exploded view of the tip member showing various componentsincluded in the tip member 312 of the insert portion 102, 202. The tipmember 312 comprises a housing 330 for supporting and aligning aplurality of optical components. Included in the housing is a first(front) lens 346 or window having optical power and an opticalredirecting element 324 (e.g., a prism). FIG. 3A shows two inserts 344that fit into two openings in the side of the housing. The openings areshaped to fit the prism therethrough, and the inserts are shaped to fitinto the opening. An optical aperture 350 also included in the housing330. A second (rear) lens 326 is also housed in the housing 330. Theprism is shown disposed between the first and second (front and rear)lenses in this design. Also, in the example configuration shown, theoptical aperture 350 is disposed in the optical path between the firstand second lenses and, in particular, between the prism and the secondlens. A spacer 348 is shown in FIG. 3A. This spacer 348 may be used toprovide the appropriate spacing between the optics within the housing330, e.g., the second (rear) lens 232 and the optics in the lens tube.In various implementations, the spacer 348 may also be configured tofacilitate easy alignment and connection between the tip member 312 andthe lens tube.

FIGS. 3B and 3C illustrate the front and back perspective view of thehousing 330. In various implementations, the housing 330 is formed froma piece of a metal with high thermal conductivity such as copper or acopper alloy like bronze or brass or other alloy, although othermaterials may possibly be used. Bronze may be used as bronze providesboth thermal conductivity and hardness that facilitates machining. Thehousing 330 comprises a front surface 332 that may include a front lensseat 334 and/or a light emitting device seat 335. The housing 330 shownalso includes a left and a right side-wall 336 and an inner cavity 338.The housing may include a rear lens seat (not shown) and/or a rearspacer seat 342 for contact with the second (rear) lens and the spacer,respectively. In various implementations, the front and rear lens seatsand the side-walls, may be shaped to provide a pathway through the innercavity 338 of the housing that has a circular cross-section. In certainimplementations, the openings in the side-walls 336, have aquadrilateral shape conforming to the shape of the redirecting opticalelement or prism 324. Likewise, in various implementations, the innercavity 338 has a shape to fit the prism likely conformally on at leasttwo sides of the prism such as the two sides of the prism that providetotal internal reflection to direct light from the target region of thepatient's body that is collected through the window onto the second lensand through the lens tube to form an image with the eyepiece.

As illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3E, the front surface 332 of the housing andthe front lens seat 334 are tilted with respect at an oblique angle withrespect to, for example, to the rear lens seat 340, the lens tube, theelongated member, etc. Likewise, the front (first) lens is tilted at thesame or a similar oblique angle. The tilt angle may for example bebetween 20 and 40 degrees with respect to the rear (second) lens or rearlens seat.

In the design shown, the first lens or front lens 346 is also a windowfor the endoscope. This window/lens 346 has optical power, in theexample shown, negative optical power that may potentially increase thefield of view of the endoscope. In the design shown, outer surface ofthe lens 346 is flat and the inner surface is curved. In particular, inthis case, the front lens 346 is a plano-concave lens with the curvedsurface comprising a concave surface resulting in a thickness thatdecreases from the edge toward the center. The curved surface is aspherical surface in this example. The front lens 346 may also be abi-concave or convex-concave lens. The front lens 346 has a circularcross-section. Other types of lens with other types of surfaces, othershapes and optical parameters, are possible.

In the example shown, the refractive optical redirecting element 324comprises a prism and in particular a quadrilateral prism. Other shapesare possible. The prism is disposed to receive light input through thefront lens 346, which is tilted at an angle, and redirect the light morealong the length of the lens tube and elongated member. In the designshown, the prism 324 includes at least two opposite surfaces that areconfigured to reflect light via total internal reflection to redirectthe optical path from an oblique angle to a direction along the lengthof the elongated member 114 and lens tube 217. In the example shown, theprism includes a first surface through which light is input, a secondand third surface which reflect the light within the prism and a fourthsurface through which the light exits the prism so as to be directeddown the lens tube.

In the design shown, the optical aperture 350 is disposed between theoutput surface of the prism and the second lens. The optical aperture350 comprises a disc formed from an opaque material with an aperturesuch as a circular aperture therein.

In the example shown, the rear lens 326 has positive optical power andis a plano-convex lens. The lens 326 may also be bi-convex or have otherdesigns. The rear lens 326 has a circular cross-section and comprises aflat surface and a spherical convex surface resulting in a thicknessthat increases from the edge toward the center. Other lenses with othershapes, however, may be used.

The front lens, the rear lenses, and the prism, may be formed from adielectric material that is optically transparent at least within the400 nm-1000 nm wavelength range. The said optical material may have arefractive index between 1.5 and 2. Each of the front lens, the rearlens, and the prism may comprise the same type of material, in someimplementations, although the design need not limited to use of a singletransparent optical material.

As shown, the housing 330 is shaped to receive the first lens 346, theprism 324 and the second lens 326. In the example shown, at least oneopening 338 in the sidewalls 336 of the housing or both openings have aprofile that is similar to that of the prism such that prism fitstherethrough. Portions of the cavity inside the housing may also havesurfaces that match the profile of the prism to support, position, andalignment of the prism. The two inserts 344 can be formed from the samematerial used to form the housing 330. These inserts 344 may have aprofile similar to those of the prisms and the openings 338. The shapeand curvature of the inserts 344 may conform to the shape of theopenings provided on the side-walls 336 of the housing 330. Otherdesigns, however, are possible. For example, only one opening and insertmay be included and the insert or inserts may be excluded in certaindesigns.

The spacer 348 is a hollow cylinder with, in this design, has a uniforminner diameter and an outer diameters that is different for distal andproximal portions. In the design shown, the outer diameters of the twoportions changes from the first diameter for the distal portion to thesecond diameter for the proximal portion. In the example shown thistransition occurs near halfway along the length of the cylinder althoughother designs are possible. The transition between the first and seconddiameters, which in this case is abrupt, forms on one side, an edgewhich abuts the proximal end of the housing. The proximal edge of thespacer 348 may in some cases abuts the next lens (the third lens) whichmay comprise a rod lens. The length of the spacer 348 therefore canestablish a proper distance between the second and third lenses. Thespacer 348 may be comprise a material similar to the one used to formthe housing 330. The spacer 348 may, for example, comprise a copperalloy such as bronze or brass, although other materials may be employed.

FIGS. 3D and 3E show three-dimensional (3D) cross-sectional and sideviews of the assembled tip member 312 where the constituents of tipmember 312 are added to the housing 330. The front lens 346 ispositioned in the front lens seat 334. Accordingly, the front lens seat334 has a size, e.g., diameter, that fits the diameter of the front lens346 so as to position and align the front lens. In the design shown inFIGS. 3D, the housing 330 of the tip member 312 has a rear lens seat 340formed by an opening having a first inner diameter that fits thediameter of the second lens so as to position and align the front lens.This opening in the housing also as a second inner diameter moreproximal that the first inner diameter. This second inner diameter islarger than the first inner diameter. The second larger diameter isconfigured to form a spacer seat for receiving the spacer 348. Thesecond diameter fits the outer diameter of the first distal portion ofthe spacer 348 so as to position and align the spacer in this opening ofthe housing. This configuration provides for increased ease ofmanufacturing as the second lens can be inserted into the housingfitting into and supported within the rear lens seat 340 and the spacer348 can be inserted into this same housing fitting into and supportedwithin the spacer seat. As illustrated, the optical aperture 350 is alsopositioned inside the rear lens seat 340 such that the optical apertureis disposed between the rear lens 326 and the prism 324. The spacer 348,which is placed inside the spacer seat 342, aligns and stabilizes therear lens 326.

As illustrated, the prism 324 is positioned inside the inner cavity 338.The inserts 344 are inserted into the openings 338 provided on theside-walls 336. These housing and possibly the inserts may opticallyalign the prism 324 with respect to the front lens 346 and rear lens326. The inserts may also be useful in isolating the inner cavity 338.

One or more solid-state light emitters (not shown) may be attached tothe light emitting device seat 335, for example, using a thermallyconductive glue. The one or more light emitting devices may comprise oneor more stand-alone devices; for example a single emitter on a singledie, multiple emitters on a single die or multiple emitters on multipledies. Alternatively, the light emitting devices may be integrated with aconductive cable such as the flexible conductive member 220 discussedabove. For example, the light emitting device may be embedded inside oneend of the flexible (e.g., plastic) membrane where one or moreconductive lines or strips are also embedded. In the latter case, thelight emitting end of the light emitting conductive membrane maypossibly be glued to the light emitting device seat 335.

The components included in the tip member 312 may be configured toilluminate a target region and capture the reflected light (by thetarget region) incident from an oblique direction relative to theoptical axis of the rear lens 326, the optical axis of one or morelenses in the lens tube 217, the length of the lens tube 217, the lengthof the elongated member 114, or any combination thereof. The lightemitting devices generate light that is directed on the target and maycontain a narrow or broad range of wavelengths. All or a subset of thesewavelengths maybe reflected by the target region toward the front lens346. The front lens 346, the prism 324, and the rear lens 326 collectlight reflected from the target region and alter the angulardistribution of the light rays incident on the front lens 326redirecting them toward the subsequent optical elements (e.g., the rodlenses inside the lens tube 217). In various implementations, this lightcontributes to the formation of a real image of the target region at theproximal end of the lens tube. In certain optical designs, the aperture350 servers as an aperture stop that limits the light rays incident onthe rear lens 326. In some designs, elimination of certain light raysfrom contributing to image formation may reduce certain aberrations andimprove the quality the final image formed by the subsequent opticalelements. As discussed above, the negative power of the front lens orwindow 346 may increase the field of the view of the scope by allowinglight rays incident with a broader range of incident angles tocontribute in the image formation.

In some designs, the optical elements included in the tip member 312,effectively serve as an objective lens that provides an image to theoptical components inside the lens tube, which relay that image to areal image, for example, formed inside optical joint section 207 or avirtual image to be viewed, e.g., by the user's eye. One or moreintermediate images may be formed before the final image. In someimplementations, the optical imaging system is designed such that thecombination of the lenses included in the tip member 212 and lenses inthe lens tube 217, collectively generate a high quality image of thetarget region (located near the tip member 212) at the opposite end ofthe lens tube (e.g., inside the optical joint section).

FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram illustrating a simplified cross-sectionalview of the elongated member 414 according to some embodiments of thedisclosed endoscope. The elongated member 414 has a distal end 411 and aproximal end 409, and comprises: a protective tube 418, a lens tube 417having a distal end 421 and a proximal end 419 within the protectivetube, a plurality of rod lenses 416 with the lens tube and a conductivemember (e.g., elongate conductive member) 420. In this design, theconductive member is disposed between the lens tube 417 and theprotective tube 418. The lens tube 417 supports and laterally aligns thelenses such as rods lenses 416 with respect to each other. The innerdiameter of the lens tube 417 may be equal to the diameter of the rodlenses to provide reduce lateral misalignment between lenses, forexample, after the lenses are inserted into the lens tube. Thelongitudinal spacing between each pair of rod lenses, can be preciselyestablished and stabilized using the spacers 453 such as O-ring spacersplaced between each rod lenses. The O-ring spacers 453 may be formedfrom dielectric or metallic material with sufficient stiffness and tomaintain a given distance between adjacent lenses over extended periodof time and possibly under mechanical stress. In some designs, thespacers 453 may comprise the same material used for forming the tipmember 412 such as a copper alloy like bronze or brass. Other materials,may be used however. In some designs, for example, the spacers 453 maycomprise the same material used for forming lens tube 418, such asstainless steel. The O-ring spacers 453 may have an inner diameter closeto the outer diameter resulting in which case they may be consideredcylindrical shells. A large inner diameter may increase the throughputof light by not decreasing the effective aperture of the rod lenseswhile maintaining the inter-lens spacing. In various designs, the outerdiameter of the spacer may be equal to the inner diameter of the lenstube 417 such that the spacer fits within the lens tube.

FIG. 4B illustrates a cutaway perspective view of the assembled insertportion 402 of the endoscope 100 (comprising a tip member 412 and anelongated member 414). FIG. 4C illustrates a close-up cross-sectionalview of the junction between the tip member 412 and the lens tube 417.As discussed above, the spacer 448 serves as a mechanical link betweenthe tip member 412 and the lens tube 417. In various designs such asshown in FIG. 4C, for example, the first outer (distal) diameter of thespacer 448 is equal to the inner diameter of the spacer seat 342 and thesecond outer (proximal) diameter of the spacer 448 is equal to the innerdiameter of the lens tube 417 such that a portion of the spacer 448 mayfit into the housing and a portion of the spacer 448 may fit into thelens tube. As mentioned above, The spacer 448 may also set the distancebetween the rear lens 426 and the first lens 416 a in the lens tubewhile mechanically stabilizing them as the distal end of the spacer maybe located and possibly contact the second lens while the proximal endof the spacer may be located at and possibly contact the third lens(e.g., the first or most distal lens in the lens tube). This arrangementresults in a robust optical alignment between (e.g., the optical axisof) the rear lens 426 of the tip member and the (e.g., optical axis ofthe) first rod lens (which may be is aligned to subsequent rod lenses inthe lens tube 417 and/or the optical axes thereof). Such lateral opticalalignment may be achieved upon connecting the tip member 412 to the lenstube 417 by inserting the spacer 448 into the tip member and the lenstube into the spacer resulting in a simplified and low cost fabricationprocedure. Given that the tip member 412 and the lens tube 417 may bemade of thermally conductive materials (e.g., copper, brass, bronze,etc.), in some implementations, the junction between the tip member 412and the lens tube 417, can be a thermally conductive junction. As such,the heat generated by the one or more light emitting devices attached tothe light emitter seat 435, may be dissipated through the said junction.

The first lens positioned at the distal end 421 of the lens tube 417receives the light exiting the rear lens 426 of the tip member 412.Subsequently the light pass through the sequence of the lenses and a rod416 a-416 g in the lens tube 417. In various implementations one or moreof the lenses in the lenses tube comprise rod lenses. In someimplementations a rod (with no optical power) may also be included inthe sequence. In certain implementations, most lenses within the lenstube (e.g., greater than 50% of the lenses) comprise rod lenses. In someimplementations, the percentage of lenses in the lens tube that compriserod lenses is more at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 100% or any rangeformed by any of these values. In the design illustrated, each of thelenses in the lens tube comprise rod lenses. The rod lenses have alength to width or diameter ratio of at least 2 possible at least 3, 4,5, or more or any range formed by any of these values. Using rod lenseswithin the lens tube 417 may increase the ease of manufacture as the rodlenses may be more stable when set down to be fed into the lens tubeand/or may be more stable within the lens tube. In the example shown inFIG. 4C, the first rod lens 416 a has a shorter length than the otherrod lenses 416 b-416 g, however, other arrangements and lengths arepossible for the lenses.

In certain designs, the light from the target region that propagatesthrough the plurality of lenses and a rod 416 a-416 g within the lenstube 417 forms a final image in the vicinity of the proximal end 419 ofthe lens tube. This image may be projected into the user's eye by theeyepiece 222 or captured by a camera having an image sensor therein. Thelast lens 416 g, in the sequence of lens 416 a-416 g in the lens tube417, partially extends outside of the lens tube. In various designs, theexposed portion of the last lens 416 g may be received by the supportstructure 223 inside the optical joint section 207. The supportstructure 223 in this example thus has an opening with an inner diameterthat fits the width or diameter of the last lens 416 g in the lens tube.

In one design shown in FIG. 4B, the number of a lens and the number ofrod lenses in the included inside the lens tube 417 is seven (7). Thisnumber may be larger or smaller in other designs. In certainimplementations, however, the number of lenses in the endoscope is 12 orless, 11 or less, 10 or less, or 9 or less or any range between any ofthese values, for example between 9-12 or 9-11 etc. The number of lensesmay possibly be less, for example 8, in some designs. Likewise, thenumber of lenses in the lens tube may be 10 or less, 9 or less, 8 orless, or 7 or less or any range between any of these values, for examplebetween 7-10 or 7-9 etc. The number of lenses in the lens tube 417 maypossibly be less, for example 6, in some designs.

In the example shown in FIG. 4B, of the lenses included in the lens tube(as well as of the lenses included in the endoscope) two of the lensesare combined (e.g. cemented together) to form a doublet 416 b while theothers are singlets. The doublet may comprise lenses having twodifferent materials and may be designed to provide chromatic correction.In the design shown, the first (most distal) lens 416 a in the lens tube(and the first or most distal rod lens) may be a singlet lens. In theexample shown, this first lens 416 a comprises a rod lens that isshorter than the other rod lenses. In this example, this first lens 416a comprises a positive lens, and may be a plano-convex or bi-convex rodlens although other shapes and types are possible. The second lens(second most distal lens) in the lens tube (and the second rod lens) iscombined with the third lens (third most distal lens) in the lens tube417 (and the third lens) to form a doublet 416 b. This doublet 416 b maycomprise, for example, a negative and a positive lens cemented together.The doublet 416 b may comprise, for example, a plano-concave,concave-convex, bi-concave rod lens glued to a bi-convex or plano-convexor concave-convex lens. In this example, this doublet 416 b includes anaspheric surface. This aspheric surface may provide aberrationcorrection. The component 416 c following the doublet 416 b, may be arod with no optical power (flat entrance and exit surfaces), the fourthlens 416d (the fourth most distal lens in the lens tube) may be apositive powered lens such as plano-convex, bi-convex or concave-convexrod lens. Similarly, the fifth 416 e, sixth 416 f and seventh 416 glenses (fifth, sixth and seventh most distal lenses in the lens tube)may be positive lenses such as plano-convex, bi-convex or concave-convexrod lenses. As shown, the fourth 416d, fifth 416 e, sixth 416 f andseventh 416 g lenses, comprise rod lenses. In this example, the sixth416 f and seventh 416 g lenses (the two most proximal lenses in thetube) are identical. Using the same lenses may reduce inventory andsimplify manufacture. Note that as discussed above, the endoscopeincludes optical elements including powered optical elements in the tipmember. Accordingly, the first distal most lens 416 a in the lens tube417 corresponds to the third distal most lens in the endoscope.Similarly, the most proximal lens in the lens tube 417 corresponds tothe seventh lens 416 g in the lens tube and the ninth lens in theendoscope. Other of the lenses in the lens tube 416 b, 416d, 416 e, 416f (from distal to proximal), correspond to the fourth and fifth (forminga doublet), sixth, seventh, eighth lenses in the endoscope.

In various implementations, the optical elements included in the tipmember 412 and the lens tube 417, may be formed from optical materialswith refractive indices in the 1.6-2 range and Abbe numbers in the 20-70range. The single or singlet lenses (and possibly the prism) maycomprise the same material and therefore may have the same refractiveindices while the two lenses forming the doublet may have a refractiveindex different from each other and potentially different from that ofthe singlets. In various implementations, the rod lenses may have thesame diameters although the lengths may vary between various of the rodlenses. . In certain designs, most of the aberration corrections (e.g.,monochromatic aberration) may be distributed among the multiple lensescomponents; in these designs, the total number of rod lenses and theoptical power of each lens may be less compared to cases where theaberrations are corrected in individual lenses. However, in otherdesigns, aberration correction as well as other possibly individuallylenses may have specific functions such as being objective lenses, fieldlenses and/or relay lenses. In other designs, the optical functions ofthe lenses are not as distinct. In various designed, the curvature ofthe surfaces of the lens is increased to reduce aberration.

Although a specific example of an arrangement of specifically shapedlenses having certain optical parameters (such as index of refractionand optical power) are shown, the selection and arrangement of lensescan be different.

As discussed above, the conductive member 420, that may be disposed onthe lens tube 417 may provide one or more electrically conductive pathsfrom the distal end 411 to the proximal end 409 of the elongated member414. This conductive path may be used to transfer electric power, forexample, from one or more batteries enclosed in the electroniccompartment 228 to the light emitting device(s) connected to the tipmember 412. The conductive member 420 may, however, have a variety ofdifferent configurations and/or possible form factors. For example, theconductive member 420 may comprise one or more pair of conductive linesextending from the proximal end 409 to the distal end 411 of theelongated member 414. These lines may be embedded in an insulatingmembrane. This insulating membrane may comprise a flexible membrane andmay comprise for example plastic, polyimide, PEEK. The flexiblemembrane, may be able to flex or bend along its length or width. In someimplementations, the flexible membrane may hold a preformed shape. Theflexible membrane may, for example, be curved in the lateral direction(e.g., have a curved cross-section) and maintain that curvature. In someexamples, when the flexible membrane (conductive member 420) is bent orflexed along its length or width, it may maintain its curvedcross-section when the bending or flexing force is removed.

In some implementations, the conductive member 420 is longer than wideby 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20 or more times or may have a length towidth ratio in any range between any of these values. The conductivemember 420 may, however, have a thickness much smaller than its width orlength. This reduced thickness may provide for increased flexibility.

At the distal end 411 of the elongated member, these conductive linesmay be connected to the light emitting devices (that are attached to thetip member), for example, by soldering the conducting lines directly tothe light emitting device or via wire bonds or connections. FIG. 4Dshows an example a conductive member 420 comprise of plurality ofelongated conductive lines or strips 457 embedded inside one or moreelongated flexible membranes 455 formed from a soft or semi-rigiddielectric material (e.g., polyimide, thermoplastics such as PEEK). Theconductive lines or strips 457 may provide electrical connectivitybetween the two ends of the elongated flexible membrane 455. Themembrane 455 may be preformed with an arcuate shape such that theflexible membrane 455 can be conformably wrapped or fit around a portionof (e.g., the circumference of) the lens tube 417. In another design(shown in FIG. 4E), the conductive member 420 may comprises a “lightemitting conductive member” or a “flexible circuit” (also called “flexcircuit”), wherein the flexible membrane 455 that includes elongatedconductive lines or strips 457, also emits light from one end. In thiscase, a light emitting device 452 (e.g., an LED) may be embedded in oneend (e.g., the distal end) of the flexible membrane and be internallyconnected to the conductive liens or strips 457 (that are also embeddedin the flexible membrane). The light emitting device 452 may have aportion thereof that is covered by the insulating material and may havea portion that is not covered and is exposed or the light emittingdevice 452 may be entirely covered by the dielectric material. The lightemitting conductive member 420 may also be preformed with an arcuateshape, for example, such that it can be conformably wrapped or fitaround a portion of (e.g., the circumference of) the lens tube. Thelight emitting conductive member 420 may comprise a flexible membranethat can be flexed along its length or width and maintain itcross-sectional shape (e.g., a curved shape) when the flexing force isremoved.

FIG. 4F illustrates three-dimensional view of the distal end 411 of theassembled insert portion 202 comprising the distal end 411 of theelongated member 414 connected to the tip member 412. As illustrated,the protective tube 418 fits over the outer diameter of the proximalportion of the spacer 348. Accordingly, the protective tube 418 may havean inner diameter that is the same as the outer diameter of the proximalportion of the spacer 348. This protective tube 418 then may abut orcome close to the end of the housing 330 of the tip member 312. Such aconfiguration increases the ease of fabrication as the proximal end ofthe spacer 348 may be inserted into the distal end of the lens tube 417and the protective tube may be slipped over the lens tube and theproximal end of the spacer to provide alignment of the optics within thetip member and the lens tube. In some implementations such as shown, theouter diameter of the protective tube 218 has a size, e.g., diameterthat is the same as that of the housing 330 of the tip member 312. Asmentioned above, adhesive may be provided at the connection between theprotective tube 418 and the tip member 412.

FIG. 4G is the 3D cross-sectional view of the proximal end 409 of theassembled insert portion 402 showing the lens tube 417, conductivemember 420 and the protective tube 418. FIG. 4H is the 3D perspectiveview of the proximal end 419 of the lens tube 417 and the conductivemember 420 disposed thereon. As illustrated, in this example, the mostproximal lens 416 g in the lens tube 417 extends beyond the lens tubeand the protective tube 418.

The protective tube 418 houses both the lens tube 417 and the conductivemember 420 disposed thereon. The protective tube may be formed from amaterial that does not chemically interact with the body fluids and/ortissues in which it may be inserted to. For example the protective tubecan be formed from stainless steel or copper alloys.

FIG. 5A Illustrates an example of the method that may be used toassemble the tip member 512. First a housing 530 is provided; next allthe components are inserted into seats, cavities and openings providedon the housing 530. The window 546 is inserted into the window seat 534.The prism 524 is inserted to the internal cavity 538 via one of theopening provided on one of the side-walls 536. One or two centeringinserts 544 are inserted into one or two of the openings provided on theside-walls 536. In some cases, these inserts may optically align theprism 524 with respect to the front lens 546 and rear lens 526 andstabilize its positioning through the lifetime of the device. Theoptical aperture 550 may be inserted into the lens seat (not shown). Therear lens 526 is also inserted into the lens seat and pushed against theoptical aperture 550. The spacer 548 is inserted into the spacer seat(not shown) and pushed against rear lens 526. The spacer 548 stabilizesthe position of the rear lens 526. One or more light emitters 552 aredisposed and glued on the emitter seat 535 possibly using a thermallyconductive glue. If instead of one or more separate light emittingdevices (e.g., provided as separate semiconductor dies), a lightemitting conducting member (e.g., flex circuit) is used, the lightemitting end of the light emitting conductive member may be glued to theemitter seat 535 with the light emitter located on the emitter seat.

FIG. 5B-5D illustrate an example of the method that may be used toassemble the elongated member 414. First, a lens tube 517 is provided(FIG. 5B). Next the first rod lens 516 a is inserted into the lens tube517 followed by the first O-ring spacer 553 a. Next the second rod lens516 b is inserted into the lens tube 517 followed by the second O-ringspacer 553 b. More lens rods and spacers are inserted sequentially. Thelength of the lens tube 517 may be selected such that a portion of thelast rod lens 516 g remains outside of the lens tune 517. In somedesigns, this portion of the last rod lens 516 g may be inserted intothe support structure 223 provided inside the optical joint section 107possibly to provide optical alignment and/or positioning.

Next, tip member 512 may be attached to the lens tube 517 by insertingthe rear section of the spacer 548 into the lens tube 517. FIG. 5Cillustrates the cross-sectional view of the tip member 512 attached tothe distal end 421 of the lens tube 517. Next, The conductive member(e.g., elongate conductive member) 520 may be disposed and attached tothe outer region of the lens tube 517 such that its conductive elements(e.g., wires or strips) at one end are positioned near the lightemitting device(s) 552 (mounted on the tip member 512). The conductiveelements are then electrically connected to the light emitter device(s)552. Alternatively, if a light emitting conductive member 520 is used,its light emitting end having the light emitter thereon may be glued tothe light emitting seat 535 provided on the tip member 512. Then therest of elongated portion of the light emitting conductive member isattached to the lens tube 517. FIG. 5D illustrates the final step ofassembling the insert portion. The lens tube 517 together with the tipmember 512 and the conductive member 520 attached to it, are insertedinto the protective tube 518. As mentioned earlier, an opticallytransparent adhesive may be used to seal the gap that may exist betweenthe tip member 512 and the protective 518. The cross-sectionalperspective view of the distal end of the assembled insert section isshown in FIG. 4F. Although an example method of assembly has beendiscussed above, the insert portion and the endoscope may be assembledusing different methods. For example, one or more additional steps maybe added and/or one or more additional steps may be removed.Additionally, the order of the steps may be varied.

FIG. 6 shows the cross-sectional view of the fully assembled endoscope.The proximal end 409 of the assembled insert portion 602 may be insertedto the optical joint section 607 through the opening 657 provided on theoptical joint section 607 resulting in a complete optical path extendingfrom the window on the tip member 612 to the view port 606, where theimage can be viewed through the eyecup 603.

FIG. 7A illustrates a close-up cross-sectional view of the optical jointsection 707 of an example endoscope such as shown in FIG. 6. In thisexample design, the proximal end 709 of the insert portion is receivedby a support structure 723 that mechanically stabilizes the distal endof the insert portion and may align the most proximal rod lens 716 genclosed in the lens tube 517, 217 (e.g., the optical axis of the lastrod lens) with an eyepiece 722 (e.g., an optical axis thereof) enclosedin the support structure 723. FIG. 7B illustrates a 3D cross-sectionalview of the support structure 723 wherein the proximal end 709 of theelongated member 414 is inserted. The support structure 723 has a distalend 762, a proximal end 763 and an internal cavity. The said distal end762 may receive the proximal end 709 of the elongated member 414 and thesaid proximal end 763 houses the eyepiece 722. The diameter of the saidinternal cavity may vary along the longitudinal direction (parallel tothe lens tube 717), in a stepwise manner from a first diameter D1 nearthe distal end 762 to a second diameter D2 somewhere in the middle and athird diameter D3 near the proximal end 763. The magnitude of the firstdiameter D1 may be equal to the magnitude of the outer diameter of theprotective tube 718 such that the proximal end of the protective tube709 fits therein so as to make a robust connection. The magnitude of thethird diameter D3 may be equal to the magnitude of the diameter of thesaid eyepiece 722 (and therefore the diameter of the lenses therein). Insome designs, the second diameter D2 may have a magnitude between thoseof the first and second diameter. The support structure 723 includes afield stop element 758 positioned in the middle of its internal cavity.The field stop element 758 may comprise a tube with an outer diameterequal to the second diameter D2 of the support structure and anon-transparent or opaque surface 725 in the middle of its internalcavity with an aperture (e.g., a circular aperture) provided at itscenter. This surface 725 and aperture can be located between the lastrod lens 716 g of the insert portion and the eyepiece 722 at a locationwhere an image of the target region inside the patient's body is formed(e.g., the image plane of the imaging system comprising the opticalcomponents enclosed in the tip member 612 and the lens tube 717).Accordingly, the non-transparent or opaque surface and the aperture 725therein may comprise a field stop. This surface 725 may be formed fromblack opaque plastic or metal.

In some implementations, the non-transparent or opaque surface definingthe aperture 725 may be formed from a material that blocks light havinga wavelength between 400 nm-1500 nm. The field stop element 758 and thenon-transparent or opaque surface 725 may be formed from the samematerial. For example, they may be formed from various metals such asbrass, aluminum, stainless steel. The non-transparent or opaque surfaceand the inner surfaces of the field stop element may be covered by anoptically absorbing coating that absorbs the light incident thereon, atleast, within 400 nm-1000 nm wavelength range.

The optical components enclosed in the tip member 612 and the lens tube717 may generate a near aberration free image of a target region. Theimage can be a real image formed in the vicinity of the exit surface ofthe most proximal rod lens 716 g. As discussed above, the relativedistance between last the most proximal rod lens 716 g and the surface725 having the aperture therein may be selected such that the said realimage is formed at that location and the aperture operates as a fieldstop. The light forming an image at the field stop may reach theeyepiece 722 resulting in formation of a final virtual image of thetarget region than may be observed by the user through the eyecup. Thisvirtual image may for example be located at infinity or a large distanceaway. The field stop may limit the field of view of the endoscope to aspecific range (limiting the portion of the target region observedthrough the eyepiece). The eyepiece may comprise one or more lensesdesigned and arranged to transform the real image received from the lenstube, into a possibly magnified virtual image viewable by the eye of theuser peering through the viewport. The resultant image may have reducedaberration. In some implementations, the magnification provided by theeyepiece may be between 5× and 10×, or 1× and 20×, or 20× and 30× or anyrange between any of these values.

In some designed such as shown, the eyepiece may comprise one or morepositive lenses or lens groups. The eyepiece may comprises, for example,a double-convex lens 760 and a convex-concave lens 761 comprising of atransparent material that transmits light within the wavelength range400 nm-1000 nm with negligible attenuation. The eyepiece lens or lensesmay comprise the same or different material.

In some implementations, the eyepiece may be designed to form a realimage that may or may not be magnified compared to the real imageprovided by the lens tube (and formed at the location of the fieldstop). In these embodiments, the eyecup 703 may be eliminated and anoptoelectronic image sensor may be placed at the image plane of theeyepiece where the final real image is generated. The optoelectronicimage sensor may convert the corresponding optical distribution on itssurface into an electric signal that can be fed into a projector ordisplay device. Other configurations may be used that facilitate imagingby a camera that includes a 2D image sensor array. In one suchimplementation, the camera may be coupled to the viewport or the eyecupto capture images of the target region. Other variations andconfigurations are possible.

EXAMPLES

Examples of an endoscope for imaging a target region within a body aredescribed herein such as the examples enumerated below:

Part-1

Example 1: An endoscope for imaging a target region within a body,comprising:

-   -   a tip member comprising one or more light emitting devices        configured to direct illumination at least a portion of said        target region, said tip member also comprising a front window        disposed so as to receive light from said target region when        said tip is in said body, said tip further comprising a prism        for redirecting light transmitted through said front window;    -   an elongated member having proximal and distal ends, said tip        member at said distal end;    -   a plurality of lenses disposed along an optical path in said        elongated member so as to receive light from said prism that        transmitted through said front window;    -   wherein said tip member comprises a housing that supports said        one or more light emitting devices and said prism, and said        housing comprises copper or a copper alloy.

Example 2: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said tip member comprisesbronze.

Example 3: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said tip member comprisesbrass.

Example 4: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said tip member comprisesa copper alloy.

Example 5: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said tip member comprisescopper and not bronze or brass.

Example 6: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said tip member comprisescopper and not a copper alloy.

Part-2

Example 1: An endoscope for imaging a target region within a body,comprising:

-   -   a tip member comprising one or more light emitting devices        configured to direct illumination to at least a portion of said        target region, said tip member also comprising a front window        disposed so as to receive light from said target region when        said tip is in said body, said tip member further comprising a        prism for redirecting light transmitted through said front        window;    -   an elongated member having proximal and distal end, said tip        member at said distal end;    -   a plurality of lenses disposed along an optical path in said        elongated member so as to receive light from said prism that        transmitted through said front window;    -   an elongate conducting member comprising a plurality of        conducting lines embedded in an insulating membrane disposed        along said elongated member;    -   wherein said light emitting device is disposed on said elongate        conducting member.

Example 2: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said light emittingdevice is embedded in said insulating membrane.

Example 3: The endoscope of Examples 1 or 2, wherein said light emittingdevice is at said distal end of said elongate conducting member.

Example 4: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-3, wherein said tip membercomprises a housing having a light emitting device seat, and said lightemitting device is disposed on said light emitting device seat.

Example 5: The endoscope of Examples 1-4, wherein said light emittingdevice has a portion that is not covered by said insulating membrane.

Example 6: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-5, wherein said elongatedconducting member has a length, width and thickness, wherein said lengthis larger than said width and said width is larger than said thickness.

Example 7: The endoscope of Example 6, wherein said elongated conductingmember comprises a flexible elongated conducting member configured tobend at least along its length.

Example 8: The endoscope of Examples 6 or 7, wherein said elongateconducting member comprises a flexible elongated conducting memberconfigured to bend at least along its width.

Example 9: The endoscope of any of Examples 6-8, wherein said elongateconducting member has a curved cross-section across its width.

Example 10: The endoscope of any of Examples 6-9, wherein said elongateconducting member is configured to maintain a curved cross-sectionacross its with when any bending force is removed.

Example 11: The endoscope of any of Examples 6-10, wherein saidinsulating membrane is configured to maintain a curved cross-sectionacross said elongate conducting member when any bending force isremoved.

Part-3

Example 1: An endoscope for imaging a target region within a body,comprising:

-   -   a tip member comprising one or more light emitting devices        configured to direct illumination at least a portion of said        target region, said tip member also comprising a front window        disposed so as to receive light from said target region when        said tip is in said body, said tip further comprising a prism        for redirecting light transmitted through said front window;    -   an elongated member having proximal and distal ends, said tip        member at said distal end;    -   a plurality of lenses disposed along an optical path in said        elongated member so as to receive light from said prism that        transmitted through said front window;    -   an elongate conducting member comprising a plurality of        conducting lines embedded in an insulating membrane disposed        along said elongated member, said elongated conducting member        having a length, width and thickness, wherein said length is        larger than said width and said width is larger than said        thickness,    -   wherein said elongate conducting member has a curved        cross-section across its width.

Example 2: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said elongate conductingmember is configured to maintain a curved cross-section across its withwhen any bending force is removed.

Example 3: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-2, wherein said insulatingmembrane is configured to maintain a curved cross-section across saidelongated conducting member when any bending force is removed.

Part-4

Example 1: An endoscope for imaging a target region within a body,comprising:

-   -   a tip member comprising one or more light emitting devices        configured to direct illumination at least a portion of said        target region, said tip member also comprising a front window        disposed so as to receive light from said target region when        said tip is in said body, said tip further comprising a prism        for redirecting light transmitted through said front window;    -   an elongated member having proximal and distal ends, said tip        member at said distal end;    -   a plurality of lenses disposed along an optical path in said        elongated member so as to receive light from said prism that is        transmitted through said front window;    -   wherein said tip member comprises a housing configured to        support said prism and said tip member has a side wall with a        first opening for inserting said prism.

Example 2: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said first opening insaid housing has a shape that is similar to that of a cross-section ofsaid prism.

Example 3: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said first opening insaid housing has a shape that is that similar to that of a sagittalcross-section of said prism.

Example 4: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-3, further comprising asecond opening in a sidewall of said housing opposite to the firstopening.

Example 5: The endoscope of Example 4, wherein said second opening has ashape that is the same as the shape of said first opening.

Example 6: The endoscope of any of Examples 4 or 5, wherein said secondopening in said housing has a shape that is similar to that of across-section of said prism.

Example 7: The endoscope of any of Examples 4 or 5, wherein said secondopening in said housing has a shape that is that similar to that of asagittal cross-section of said prism.

Example 8: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-7, wherein said housingfurther comprises a cavity for said prism to be held in said housing.

Example 9: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-8, wherein said housingfurther includes an opening for light from said front window to passinto said housing and an opening for light from said window to exit saidhousing.

Example 10: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-9, wherein said housingfurther includes an opening for light from said front window to passinto said prism and an opening for light from said front window to exitsaid prism.

Example 11: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-10, wherein furthercomprising a first insert in said first opening.

Example 12: The endoscope of Example 11, wherein said first insert has ashape similar to said first opening.

Example 13: The endoscope of any of Examples 4-7, wherein furthercomprising second insert in said second opening.

Example 14: The endoscope of Example 13, wherein said second insert hasa shape similar to said second opening.

Part-5

Example 1: An endoscope for imaging a target region within a body,comprising:

-   -   a tip member comprising one or more light emitting devices        configured to direct illumination at least a portion of said        target region, said tip member also comprising a front window        disposed so as to receive light from said target region when        said tip is in said body, said tip further comprising a prism        for redirecting light transmitted through said front window,        said tip member comprising a housing that supports said one or        more light emitting devices, said front window, and said prism;    -   an elongated member having proximal and distal ends, said tip        member at said distal end;    -   a plurality of lenses disposed along an optical path in said        elongated member so as to receive light from said prism that        transmitted through said front window;    -   a lens tube including at some of said lenses therein;    -   a spacer configured to connect said lens tube to said housing of        said tip member.

Example 2: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said spacer comprises adistal portion and a proximal portion, wherein said distal portion ofsaid spacer interfaces with said housing and wherein said proximalportion of said spacer interfaces with said lens tube.

Example 3: The endoscope of Example 2, wherein said housing receivessaid distal portion of said spacer.

Example 4: The endoscope of any of Examples 2-3, wherein said distalportion of said spacer has a smaller outer diameter than said proximalportion of said spacer.

Example 5: The endoscope of any of Examples 2-4, wherein said housingcomprises a spacer seat and said distal portion of said spacer fits intosaid spacer seat.

Example 6: The endoscope of any of Examples 2-5, wherein said distalportion of said spacer has an outer diameter that matches an innerdiameter of the spacer seat of said housing.

Example 7: The endoscope of any of Examples 2-6, wherein said proximalportion of said spacer has an outer diameter that matches an innerdiameter of said lens tube.

Example 8: The endoscope of any of Examples 2-6, further comprising aprotective tube that fits over said lens tube and said spacer.

Example 9: The endoscope of Example 8, wherein said a protective tubehas an inner diameter larger than the width of said spacer.

Example 10: The endoscope of Example 8 or 9, wherein said protectivetube fits over at least a portion of said housing.

Example 11: The endoscope of any of Examples 2-10, further comprising arear lens disposed in said housing between said prism and said pluralityof lenses.

Example 12: The endoscope of any of Examples 2-10, further comprising arear lens disposed in said housing between said prism and said lenses insaid lens tube.

Example 13: The endoscope of any of Examples 2-10, further comprising arear lens disposed in said housing between said prism and said lenstube.

Example 14: The endoscope of any of Examples 11-13, further comprisingan optical aperture disposed between said prism and said rear lens.

Example 15: The endoscope of any of Examples 11-13, wherein said housingincludes a lens seat, said rear lens is disposed on said lens seat.

Example 16: The endoscope of Example 15, wherein said lens seat has adiameter smaller than a spacer seat for receiving said distal portion ofsaid spacer.

Example 17: The endoscope of any of Examples 11-16, wherein said distalend of said lens tube contacts a proximal surface of said rear lens.

Example 18: The endoscope of any of Examples 11-17, wherein said spacerlaterally aligns said lenses in said lens tube with said rear lens.

Example 19: The endoscope of any of Examples 11-18, wherein said spacerlaterally aligns an optical axis said lenses in said lens tube with anoptical axis of said rear lens.

Example 20: The endoscope of any of Examples 11-19, wherein said spacerestablishes a longitudinal separation between said rear lens and thedistal most lens in said lens tube.

Example 21: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-20, wherein said spacercomprises copper.

Example 22: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-20, wherein said spacercomprises a copper alloy.

Example 23: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-20, wherein said spacercomprises a bronze.

Example 24: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-20, wherein said spacercomprises a brass.

Example 25: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-24, wherein said housingof said tip member comprises copper.

Example 26: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-24, wherein said housingof said tip member comprises a copper alloy.

Example 27: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-24, wherein said housingof said tip member comprises bronze.

Example 28: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-24, wherein said housingof said tip member comprises brass.

Part-6

Example 1: An endoscope for imaging a target region within a body,comprising:

-   -   a tip member comprising one or more light emitting devices        configured to direct illumination at least a portion of said        target region, said tip member also comprising a front window        disposed so as to receive light from said target region when        said tip is in said body, said tip member further comprising a        prism for redirecting light transmitted through said front        window;    -   an elongated member having proximal and distal ends, said tip        member at said distal end;    -   a plurality of lenses disposed along an optical path in said        elongated member so as to receive light from said prism that        transmitted through said front window;    -   a plurality of non-glass spacers between individual ones of said        lenses to establish spacing therebetween.

Example 2: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said non-glass spacerscomprise a copper alloy.

Example 3: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said non-glass spacerscomprise brass.

Example 4: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said non-glass spacerscomprise bronze.

Example 5: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said non-glass spacerscomprise copper.

Example 6: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said non-glass spacerscomprises copper and not a copper alloy.

Example 7: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-6, wherein said tip membercomprises a housing comprising copper.

Example 8: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-6, wherein said tip membercomprises a housing comprising a copper alloy.

Example 9: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-6, wherein said tip membercomprises a housing comprising bronze.

Example 10: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-6, wherein said tipmember comprises a housing comprising brass.

Example 11: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-10, wherein saidnon-glass spacers comprise o-rings.

Part-7

Example 1: An endoscope for imaging a target region within a body,comprising:

-   -   a tip member comprising one or more light emitting devices        configured to direct illumination at least a portion of said        target region, said tip member also comprising a front window        disposed so as to receive light from said target region when        said tip is in said body, said tip member further comprising a        prism for redirecting light transmitted through said front        window;    -   an elongated member said elongated member having proximal and        distal end, said tip member at said distal end    -   a plurality of lenses disposed along an optical path in said        elongated member so as to receive light from said prism that is        transmitted through said front window,    -   wherein said plurality of lenses disposed in said elongated        member comprise no more than three different transparent lens        materials.

Example 2: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said plurality of lensesin said elongated member comprise no more than three differenttransparent lens glasses.

Example 3: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein plurality of lensesdisposed in said elongated member together with said front lens in saidtip member comprise no more than three different transparent lensmaterials.

Example 4: The endoscope of Example 1 or 3, wherein plurality of lensesdisposed in said elongated member together with said front lens in saidtip member comprise no more than three different transparent lensglasses.

Example 5: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein plurality of lensesdisposed in said elongated member together with said front lens and saidprism in said tip member comprise no more than three differenttransparent lens materials.

Example 6: The endoscope of Example 1 or 5, wherein plurality of lensesdisposed in said elongated member together with said front lens and saidprism in said tip member comprise no more than three differenttransparent lens glasses.

Example 7: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein plurality of lensesdisposed in said elongated member together with said front lens, saidprism, and a rear lens in said tip member comprise no more than threedifferent transparent lens materials.

Example 8: The endoscope of Example 1 or 7, wherein plurality of lensesdisposed in said elongated member together with said front lens, saidprism, and said rear lens in said tip member comprise no more than threedifferent transparent lens glasses.

Example 9: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein plurality of lensesdisposed in said elongated member together with said front lens and arear lens in said tip member comprise no more than three differenttransparent lens materials.

Example 10: The endoscope of Example 1 or 9, wherein plurality of lensesdisposed in said elongated member together with said front lens and saidrear lens in said tip member comprise no more than three differenttransparent lens glasses.

Example 11: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-10, further comprising atleast one unpowered rod in said elongated member.

Example 12: The endoscope of Example 11, wherein said plurality oflenses and said at least one unpowered rod disposed in said elongatedmember comprise no more than three different transparent lens materials.

Example 13: The endoscope of Example 11 or 12, wherein said plurality oflenses and said at least one unpowered rod in said elongated membercomprise no more than three different transparent lens glasses.

Example 14: The endoscope of Example 11, wherein said plurality oflenses and said at least one unpowered rod disposed in said elongatedmember together with said front lens in said tip member comprise no morethan three different transparent lens materials.

Example 15: The endoscope of Example 11 or 14, wherein said plurality oflenses and said at least one unpowered rod in said elongated membertogether with said front lens in said tip member comprise no more thanthree different transparent lens glasses.

Example 16: The endoscope of Example 11, wherein said plurality oflenses and said at least one unpowered rod disposed in said elongatedmember together with said front lens and said prism in said tip membercomprise no more than three different transparent lens materials.

Example 17: The endoscope of Example 11 or 16, wherein said plurality oflenses and said at least one unpowered rod in said elongated membertogether with said front lens and said prism in said tip member compriseno more than three different transparent lens glasses.

Example 18: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said plurality of lensesand said at least one unpowered rod disposed in said elongated membertogether with said front lens and a rear lens in said tip membercomprise no more than three different transparent lens materials.

Example 19: The endoscope of Example 1 or 18, wherein said plurality oflenses and said at least one unpowered rod in said elongated membertogether with said front lens and a rear lens in said tip membercomprise no more than three different transparent lens glasses.

Example 20: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said plurality of lensesand said at least one unpowered rod disposed in said elongated membertogether with said front lens, said prism, and a rear lens in said tipmember comprise no more than three different transparent lens materials.

Example 21: The endoscope of Example 1 or 20, wherein said plurality oflenses and said at least one unpowered rod in said elongated membertogether with said front lens, said prism, and a rear lens in said tipmember comprise no more than three different transparent lens glasses.

Example 22: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-21, wherein any one ofsaid lenses includes an optical coating thereon.

Example 23: The endoscope of Example 22, wherein said optical coatingcomprises different material than said lenses on which it is deposited.

Example 24: The endoscope of Example 22, wherein said optical coatingcomprises an anti-reflective coating.

Example 25: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-24, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 4.

Example 26: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-24, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 5.

Example 27: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-24, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 6.

Example 28: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-24, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 7.

Example 29: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-28, wherein the number ofrod lenses in said elongated member comprises at least 3.

Example 30: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-28, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 4.

Example 31: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-28, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 5.

Example 32: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-28, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 6.

Part-8

Example 1: An endoscope for imaging a target region within a body,comprising:

-   -   a tip member comprising one or more light emitting devices        configured to direct illumination at least a portion of said        target region, said tip member also comprising a front window        disposed so as to receive light from said target region when        said tip is in said body, said tip member further comprising a        prism for redirecting light transmitted through said front        window;    -   an elongated member having proximal and distal ends, said tip        member at said distal end;    -   a plurality of lenses disposed along an optical path in said        elongated member so as to receive light from said prism that is        transmitted through said front window,    -   wherein said plurality of lenses disposed in said elongated        member comprise no more than eight lenses.

Example 2: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein said elongated membercomprise no more than seven lenses.

Example 3: The endoscope of Examples 1 or 2, further comprising anunpowered rod in said elongated member.

Example 4: The endoscope of Examples 1 or 2, further comprising one andonly one unpowered rod in said elongated member.

Example 5: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-4, wherein said pluralityof lenses in said elongated element comprises one and only one doubletformed from two of said lens.

Example 6: The endoscope of Example 5, wherein said doublet provideschromatic correction.

Example 7: The endoscope of Example 5 or 6, wherein said doublet has anaspheric surface.

Example 8: The endoscope of Examples 7, wherein said aspheric surface onsaid doublet is on the most proximal optical surface of doublet.

Example 9: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-6, further comprising oneand only one aspheric optical surface in said elongated member.

Example 10: The endoscope of any of the above Examples, wherein saidelongated member is from 5 cm to 25 cm long.

Example 11: The endoscope of any of the above Examples, wherein saidplurality of lenses are included in a lens tube in said elongated.

Example 12: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-12, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 4.

Example 13: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-12, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 5.

Example 14: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-12, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 6.

Example 15: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-21, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 7.

Example 16: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number ofrod lenses in said elongated member comprises at least 3.

Example 17: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 4.

Example 18: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 5.

Example 19: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 6.

Example 20: The endoscope of any of the above Examples, wherein saidelongated member is from 10 cm to 20 cm long.

Part-9

Example 1: An endoscope for imaging a target region within a body,comprising:

-   -   a tip member comprising one or more light emitting devices        configured to direct illumination at least a portion of said        target region, said tip member also comprising a front window        disposed so as to receive light from said target region when        said tip is in said body, said tip member further comprising a        prism for redirecting light transmitted through said front        window;    -   an elongated member having proximal and distal ends, said tip        member at said distal end; and    -   a plurality of lenses disposed along an optical path in said        elongated member so as to receive light from said prism that is        transmitted through said front window,    -   an eyepiece or camera, light from said target region collected        by said front lens propagating along an optical path from said        front lens through said prism and said plurality of lens in said        elongated member forming a real image that is viewable through        said eyepiece or camera;    -   wherein no more than ten lenses extend along an optical path        from said front lens to said real image.

Example 2: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein no more than nine lensesextend along an optical path from said front lens to said real image.

Example 3: The endoscope of Examples 1 or 2, further comprising anunpowered rod in elongated member.

Example 4: The endoscope of Examples 1 or 2, further comprising one andonly one unpowered rod in said optical path from said front lens to saidreal image.

Example 5: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-4, wherein one and onlyone doublet formed from two of said lens is in said optical path fromsaid front lens to said real image.

Example 6: The endoscope of Example 5, wherein said doublet provideschromatic correction.

Example 7: The endoscope of Example 5 or 6, wherein said doublet has anaspheric surface.

Example 8: The endoscope of Example 7, wherein said aspheric surface onsaid doublet is on the most proximal optical surface of doublet.

Example 9: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-6, further comprising oneand only one aspheric optical surface in said optical path from saidfront lens to said real image.

Example 10: The endoscope of any of the above Examples, wherein saidplurality of lenses are included in a lens tube in said elongatedmember.

Example 11: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-12, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said real image comprisesat least 6.

Example 12: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-12, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said real image comprisesat least 7.

Example 13: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-12, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said real image comprisesat least 8.

Example 14: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-12, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said real image comprises9.

Example 15: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number ofrod lenses in said elongated member comprises at least 3.

Example 16: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 4.

Example 17: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 5.

Example 18: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 6.

Part-10

Example 1: An endoscope for imaging a target region within a body,comprising:

-   -   a tip member comprising one or more light emitting devices        configured to direct illumination at least a portion of said        target region, said tip member also comprising a front window        disposed so as to receive light from said target region when        said tip is in said body, said tip member further comprising a        prism for redirecting light transmitted through said front        window;    -   an elongated member having proximal and distal ends, said tip        member at said distal end; and    -   a plurality of lenses disposed along an optical path in said        elongated member so as to receive light from said prism that is        transmitted through said front window,    -   an eyepiece, light from said target region collected by said        front lens propagating along an optical path from said front        lens through said prism and said plurality of lens in said        elongated member to form an image viewable through said        eyepiece;    -   wherein no more than ten lenses extend along an optical path        from said front lens to said eyepiece.

Example 2: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein no more than nine lensesextend along an optical path from said front lens to said eyepiece.

Example 3: The endoscope of Examples 1 or 2, further comprising anunpowered rod in said optical path from said front lens to saideyepiece.

Example 4: The endoscope of Examples 1 or 2, further comprising one andonly one unpowered rod in said optical path said front lens to saideyepiece.

Example 5: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-4, wherein one and onlyone doublet is formed from two of said lens is in said optical path fromsaid front lens to said eyepiece.

Example 6: The endoscope of Example 5, wherein said doublet provideschromatic correction.

Example 7: The endoscope of Example 5 or 6, wherein said doublet has anaspheric surface.

Example 8: The endoscope of Example 7, wherein said aspheric surface onsaid doublet is on the most proximal optical surface of doublet.

Example 9: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-6, further comprising oneand only one aspheric optical surface in said optical path from saidfront lens to said eyepiece.

Example 10: The endoscope of any of the above Examples, wherein saidplurality of lenses are included in a lens tube in said elongatedmember.

Example 11: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-12, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said eyepiece comprisesat least 6.

Example 12: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-12, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said eyepiece comprisesat least 7.

Example 13: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-12, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said eyepiece comprisesat least 8.

Example 14: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-12, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said eyepiece comprises9.

Example 15: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number ofrod lenses in said elongated member comprises at least 3.

Example 16: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 4.

Example 17: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 5.

Example 18: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-16, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 6.

Part-11

Example 1: An endoscope for imaging a target region within a body,comprising:

-   -   a tip member comprising one or more light emitting devices        configured to direct illumination at least a portion of said        target region, said tip member also comprising a front window        disposed so as to receive light from said target region when        said tip is in said body, said tip member further comprising a        prism for redirecting light transmitted through said front        window;    -   an elongated member having proximal and distal ends, said tip        member at said distal end;    -   a plurality of lenses disposed along an optical path in said        elongated member so as to receive light from said prism that is        transmitted through said front window; and    -   a camera, light from said target region collected by said front        lens propagating along an optical path from said front lens        through said prism and said plurality of lens in said elongated        member to form an image viewable through said camera;    -   wherein no more than ten lenses extend along an optical path        from said front lens to said camera.

Example 2: The endoscope of Example 1, wherein no more than nine lensesextend along an optical path from said front lens to said camera.

Example 3: The endoscope of Examples 1 or 2, further comprising anunpowered rod in said optical path from said front lens to said camera.

Example 4: The endoscope of Examples 1 or 2, further comprising one andonly one unpowered rod in said optical path said front lens to saidcamera.

Example 5: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-4, wherein one and onlyone doublet formed from two of said lens is in said optical path fromsaid front lens to said camera.

Example 6: The endoscope of Example 5, wherein said doublet provideschromatic correction.

Example 7: The endoscope of Example 5 or 6, wherein said doublet has anaspheric surface.

Example 8: The endoscope of Example 7, wherein said aspheric surface onsaid doublet is on the most proximal optical surface of doublet.

Example 9: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-6, further comprising oneand only one aspheric optical surface in said optical path from saidfront lens to said camera.

Example 10: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-10, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said camera comprises atleast 6.

Example 11: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-10, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said camera comprises atleast 7.

Example 12: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-10, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said camera comprises atleast 8.

Example 13: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-10, wherein the number oflenses in optical path from said front lens to said camera comprises 9.

Example 14: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-14, wherein the number ofrod lenses in said elongated member comprises at least 3.

Example 15: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-14, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 4.

Example 16: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-14, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 5.

Example 17: The endoscope of any of Examples 1-14, wherein the number oflenses in said elongated member comprises at least 6.

What is claimed is:
 1. An endoscope for imaging a target region within abody, comprising: a tip member comprising one or more light emittingdevices configured to direct illumination to at least a portion of saidtarget region, said tip member also comprising a front window disposedso as to receive light from said target region when said tip is in saidbody, said tip member further comprising a prism for redirecting lighttransmitted through said front window; an elongated member havingproximal and distal end, said tip member at said distal end; a pluralityof lenses disposed along an optical path in said elongated member so asto receive light from said prism that is transmitted through said frontwindow; an elongated conducting member comprising a plurality ofconducting lines embedded in an insulating membrane disposed along saidelongated member; wherein said light emitting device is disposed on saidelongated conducting member.
 2. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein saidlight emitting device is embedded in said insulating membrane.
 3. Theendoscope of claim 1, wherein said light emitting device is at saiddistal end of said elongated conducting member.
 4. The endoscope ofclaim 1, wherein said tip member comprises a housing having a lightemitting device seat, and said light emitting device is disposed on saidlight emitting device seat.
 5. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein saidlight emitting device has a portion that is not covered by saidinsulating membrane.
 6. The endoscope of claims 1, wherein saidelongated conducting member has a length, width and thickness, whereinsaid length is larger than said width and said width is larger than saidthickness.
 7. The endoscope of claim 6, wherein said elongatedconducting member comprises a flexible elongated conducting memberconfigured to bend at least along its length.
 8. The endoscope of claims7, wherein said elongated conducting member comprises a flexibleelongated conducting member configured to bend at least along its width.9. The endoscope of claims 8, wherein said elongate conducting memberhas a curved cross-section across its width.
 10. The endoscope of claims9, wherein said elongated conducting member is configured to maintain acurved cross-section across its with when any bending force is removed.11. The endoscope of claims 9, wherein said insulating membrane isconfigured to maintain a curved cross-section across said elongatedconducting member when any bending force is removed.
 12. The endoscopeof claims 1, wherein said tip member comprises a housing that supportssaid one or more light emitting devices and said prism, and said tipmember has a side wall with a first opening for inserting said prism.13. The endoscope of claim 12, wherein said first opening in saidhousing has a shape that is similar to that of a cross-section of saidprism.
 14. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein said tip member comprisesbronze.
 15. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein said tip member comprisesbrass.
 16. The endoscope of claim 1, wherein said tip member comprisescopper or a copper alloy